Error message

  • Deprecated function: TYPO3\PharStreamWrapper\Manager::initialize(): Implicitly marking parameter $resolver as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 19 of includes/file.phar.inc).
  • Deprecated function: TYPO3\PharStreamWrapper\Manager::initialize(): Implicitly marking parameter $collection as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 19 of includes/file.phar.inc).
  • Deprecated function: TYPO3\PharStreamWrapper\Manager::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $resolver as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 19 of includes/file.phar.inc).
  • Deprecated function: TYPO3\PharStreamWrapper\Manager::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $collection as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 19 of includes/file.phar.inc).
  • Deprecated function: session_set_save_handler(): Providing individual callbacks instead of an object implementing SessionHandlerInterface is deprecated in drupal_session_initialize() (line 245 of includes/session.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQueryInterface::getArguments(): Implicitly marking parameter $queryPlaceholder as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQueryInterface::preExecute(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQueryExtender::getArguments(): Implicitly marking parameter $queryPlaceholder as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQueryExtender::preExecute(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQuery::getArguments(): Implicitly marking parameter $queryPlaceholder as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: SelectQuery::preExecute(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: DrupalEntityControllerInterface::resetCache(): Implicitly marking parameter $ids as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: DrupalDefaultEntityController::resetCache(): Implicitly marking parameter $ids as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in include_once() (line 3575 of includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: stripos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated in _ajax_register_ajax_links() (line 397 of sites/all/modules/ajax_register/ajax_register.module).

Small-scale Farmers

1 iugerum = 0.62 acres

In the earlier part of the Republican era, farm tracts were quite small; the 6 iugera given to each colonist at the port town of Cosa, when it was founded in 273 B.C., was typical. Only a part of that land could be committed to vines, so farmers then most likely pooled their wine yields each year at local cellars which in turn contracted with local pottery workshops for storage and transport amphorae. These farmers were eligible for military service, however, so over the centuries-long period of Rome's territorial expansion, many land plots were poorly tended and had to be sold. Thereafter the Italian landscape was gradually transformed into a socially-divided patchwork of estates at prime locations owned by just a few Roman families, and a myriad of remote, less fertile plots where peasants eeked out a retched life, always on the edge of starvation. Many of those peasants eventually came cap-in-hand to an estate-owner, there to labor alongside his slaves, in the vineyards and hayfields.

The Amphora Industry
The Growth of Estates